The University of California Berkeley banned all students from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore to attend its summer r programs because of fear of SARS, Iris Chang in her article, "Fear of SARS; fear of strangers," in The New York Times (May 21, 2003), points out that using disease to foster anti-Chinese sentiment has a long history. She traced to the 19th century anti-Chinese sentiment in journal and newspaper publications. The Medico-Literary Journal accused the Chinese of "infusing a poison in the Anglo-Saxon blood." The Santa Cruz Sentinel in editorial in 1879 described the Chinese as "half-human, half-devil, rat-eating, rag-wearing, law-ignoring, Christian-civilization-hating, opium-smoking, labor-degrading, entrail-sucking Celestials.". In 1899, the local board of health places Chinese under quarantine for the breakout of bubonic plague which hit whites and Chinese. In 1900, San Francisco followed Hawaii's example of using quarantine against Chinese (later a federal court decided such an action unconstitutional). On the SARS ban, Chang concludes "A blanket ban on Asians isn't protection against the virus - it is simply discrimination under a different name."